• Describe strategies for starting Internet research, including using Google Scholar
• Describe types of academic sources, like scholarly, peer-reviewed, primary, and secondary
• Examine how to read and use scholarly sources
• Examine ways to find scholarly articles and books using library databases and catalogs
• Describe why using library databases is valuable

Beginning the Search

You probably should not start your research by just typing your research question into Google, like “What were medical practices like during the Battle of Gettysburg?” Instead, you should make use of key terms, or words that will appear frequently in the source.

Use Key Terms to Search

To search key terms, think about important words that will occur in sources you could use. Then, type one or two of those terms into the search bar. Most search engines will generate results based on how frequently those words appear in articles and their abstracts. An abstract is a brief summary of a longer academic journal article.

Let’s use our topic of medical practices at the Battle of Gettysburg as an example. You might choose keywords like “amputation,” “field medicine,” and “Gettysburg.” This should yield articles that discuss amputations on the field during the Battle of Gettysburg. You could also search for something like “anesthesia” and “Civil War,” which would lead you to articles about anesthetics during the war.

While searching with key terms, you may need to get creative. Some articles will use different language than you might expect, so try a variety of related terms to make sure you’re getting back all the possible results.

Suppose you are asked to write a paper in support of this assertion:

The proliferation of fast food has led to the national problem of obesity.

It’s not a good idea to type in the entire sentence in your search, as there are many irrelevant words in this search statement. Before typing, decide which words or phrases are essential to your search and which are non-essential. There are only two concepts in this statement that are essential to its meaning: fast food and obesity. You can eliminate the word “proliferation” because it modifies the essential concept of fast food, and the phrase “national problem” is not crucial because we assume any article talking about “fast food” and “obesity” will discuss some negative aspects that would represent a national problem.

When you are researching on the web, search engines are effective tools for locating web pages relevant to your research, and they can save you time and frustration. However, for searches to yield the best results, you need a strategy and some basic knowledge of how search engines work. Without a clear search strategy, using a search engine is like wandering aimlessly in a field of corn looking for the perfect ear.

Beginning your research with Google or another search engine is an easy way to quickly get an overview of your topic. Even more effective than Google Search is Google Advanced Search, and even better than that for academic resources is Google Scholar.

Google Scholar

Google Scholar is Google’s academic search engine that searches across scholarly literature. It has extensive coverage, retrieving information from academic publishers, professional organizations, university repositories, professional websites, and government websites.

The benefits of searching within Google Scholar are numerous, but a search solely using Google Scholar will be insufficient for your research. Consider the following benefits of Google Scholar and library databases.

Google Scholar benefits	Library Databases benefits
Find content not available in library databases Find more government resources than are available in library databases Find case law instead of or in addition to other content Limit searches to papers written in a specific language (13 options) and display Google tips in a larger variety of languages Show library access links for up to five libraries	Find content not available in Google Scholar Limit results to full-text content Specify more information fields (subject headings, abstract, author, etc.) where you want your search terms found Limit search results by subject headings suggested on the search results pages Limit results to peer-reviewed, scholarly, or academic journal articles

Like other Google search products, Google Scholar starts with a basic search blank. Because researchers are more likely to need the results of more specific searches, the Advanced Search link is accessed via a down-arrow in the Google Scholar sidebar.

Keep in mind that Google is not transparent about the journals or time ranges it indexes, and publishers occasionally request that Google Scholar not index their publications. Non-scholarly and/or non-peer-reviewed material may also appear in Google Scholar, so it is best used in conjunction with other search tools. One of the greatest features of Google Scholar is the “Cited by” link found below each search result. If you find one article you like, you can click on the link to find other articles that reference that same work.

While the following video is specific to the University of West Florida, the same tips and principles still apply to most institutions. Contact your library to ensure you can set up your library account through Google Scholar so you have greater access to articles housed behind paywalls.

You can view the transcript for “18 – Google Scholar” here (opens in new window).

Google Scholar Search Results

Click on the links below to see how search results vary when using different search parameters.

• caffeine health: A simple Google Scholar search for caffeine and health.

• caffeine health coffee OR “green tea” OR “black tea”: Results of the search listed above, where the search specifies articles covering caffeine and health, and noting coffee, black tea, or green tea.

• caffeine health author: “RR McCusker”: A search for articles on a topic by a specific author, Rachel R. McCusker.

• caffeine health [2018-2025]: These results have been limited to those published from 2018-2025.