{"id":368,"date":"2024-10-01T18:45:49","date_gmt":"2024-10-01T18:45:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/chapter\/appendix-c-precalculus-formulas\/"},"modified":"2025-12-17T15:18:30","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T15:18:30","slug":"appendix-c-precalculus-formulas","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/chapter\/appendix-c-precalculus-formulas\/","title":{"raw":"Appendix C: Precalculus Formulas","rendered":"Appendix C: Precalculus Formulas"},"content":{"raw":"\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042956281\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Formulas from Geometry<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043352446\">[latex]A=\\text{area},[\/latex][latex]V=\\text{Volume},\\text{ and }[\/latex][latex]S=\\text{lateral surface area}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<span id=\"fs-id1165043092884\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213601\/CNX_Calc_Figure_App3_001_img.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows five geometric figures. The first is a parallelogram with height labeled as h and base as b. Below the figure is the formula for area, A = bh. The second is a triangle with height labeled as h and base as b. Below the figure is the formula for area, A = (1\/2)bh.. The third is a trapezoid with the top horizontal side labeled as a, height as h, and base as b. Below the figure is the formula for area, A = (1\/2)(a + b)h. The fourth is a circle with radius labeled as r. Below the figure is the formula for area, A= (pi)(r^2), and the formula for circumference, C = 2(pi)r. The fifth is a sector of a circle with radius labeled as r, sector length as s, and angle as theta. Below the figure is the formula for area, A = (1\/2)r^2(theta), and sector length, s = r(theta) (theta in radians).\"><\/span><span id=\"fs-id1165042319172\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213605\/CNX_Calc_Figure_App3_002_img.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows three solid figures. The first is a cylinder with height labeled as h and radius as r. Below the figure are the formulas for volume, V = (pi)(r^2)h, and surface area, S = 2(pi)rh. The second is a cone with height labeled as h, radius as r, and lateral side length as l. Below the figure are the formulas for volume, V = (1\/3)(pi)(r^2)h, and surface area, S = (pi)rl. The third is a sphere with radius labeled as r. Below the figure are the formulas for volume, V = (4\/3)(pi)(r^3), and surface area, S = 4(pi)r^2.\"><\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042973177\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Formulas from Algebra<\/h2>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042318453\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Laws of Exponents<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043351417\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccccccccccccc}\\hfill {x}^{m}{x}^{n}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; {x}^{m+n}\\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\hfill \\frac{{x}^{m}}{{x}^{n}}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; {x}^{m-n}\\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\hfill {({x}^{m})}^{n}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; {x}^{mn}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {x}^{\\text{\u2212}n}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\frac{1}{{x}^{n}}\\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\hfill {(xy)}^{n}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; {x}^{n}{y}^{n}\\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\hfill {(\\frac{x}{y})}^{n}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\frac{{x}^{n}}{{y}^{n}}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {x}^{1\\text{\/}n}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\sqrt[n]{x}\\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\hfill \\sqrt[n]{xy}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\sqrt[n]{x}\\sqrt[n]{y}\\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\hfill \\sqrt[n]{\\frac{x}{y}}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\frac{\\sqrt[n]{x}}{\\sqrt[n]{y}}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {x}^{m\\text{\/}n}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\sqrt[n]{{x}^{m}}={(\\sqrt[n]{x})}^{m}\\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; &amp; &amp; &amp; &amp; &amp; &amp; &amp; \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042885645\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Special Factorizations<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165042915355\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill {x}^{2}-{y}^{2}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; (x+y)(x-y)\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {x}^{3}+{y}^{3}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; (x+y)({x}^{2}-xy+{y}^{2})\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {x}^{3}-{y}^{3}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; (x-y)({x}^{2}+xy+{y}^{2})\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165043020311\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Quadratic Formula<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165042318563\">If [latex]a{x}^{2}+bx+c=0,[\/latex] then [latex]x=\\frac{\\text{\u2212}b\u00b1\\sqrt{{b}^{2}-4ca}}{2a}.[\/latex]<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165043061462\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Binomial Theorem<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043022133\">[latex]{(a+b)}^{n}={a}^{n}+(\\begin{array}{l}n\\\\ 1\\end{array}){a}^{n-1}b+(\\begin{array}{l}n\\\\ 2\\end{array}){a}^{n-2}{b}^{2}+\\cdots +(\\begin{array}{c}n\\\\ n-1\\end{array})a{b}^{n-1}+{b}^{n},[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165042950624\">where [latex](\\begin{array}{l}n\\\\ k\\end{array})=\\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)\\cdots (n-k+1)}{k(k-1)(k-2)\\cdots 3\\cdot 2\\cdot 1}=\\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}[\/latex]<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165043397752\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Formulas from Trigonometry<\/h2>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042985823\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Right-Angle Trigonometry<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165042320749\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cccc} \\sin \\theta =\\frac{\\text{opp}}{\\text{hyp}}\\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\csc \\theta =\\frac{\\text{hyp}}{\\text{opp}}\\hfill \\\\ \\cos \\theta =\\frac{\\text{adj}}{\\text{hyp}}\\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\sec \\theta =\\frac{\\text{hyp}}{\\text{adj}}\\hfill \\\\ \\tan \\theta =\\frac{\\text{opp}}{\\text{adj}}\\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\cot \\theta =\\frac{\\text{adj}}{\\text{opp}}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<span id=\"fs-id1165042937482\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213607\/CNX_Calc_Figure_App3_003_img.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a right triangle with the longest side labeled hyp, the shorter leg labeled as opp, and the longer leg labeled as adj. The angle between the hypotenuse and the adjacent side is labeled theta.\"><\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165043376559\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Trigonometric Functions of Important Angles<\/h2>\n<table class=\"unnumbered\" summary=\"This is a table with five columns and six rows. The first row is a header row, and has the entries theta, Raidians, sin theta, cos theta, tan theta. The second row has the entries 0 degrees, 0, 0, 1, and 0. The third row has the entries 30 degrees, pi\/6, \u00bd, (the square root of 3)\/2, and (the square root of 3)\/3. The fourth row reads 45 degrees, pi\/4, (the square root of 2)\/2, (the square root of 2)\/2, and 1. The fifth row reads 60 degrees, pi\/3, (the square root of 3)\/2, 1\/2, and the square root of 3. The sixth row reads 90 degrees, pi\/2, 1, 0, and blank.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]\\theta [\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Radians}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex] \\sin \\theta [\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex] \\cos \\theta [\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex] \\tan \\theta [\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0\u00b0<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>30\u00b0<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{\u03c0}\\text{\/}\\text{6}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sqrt{3}\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sqrt{3}\\text{\/}3[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>45\u00b0<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{\u03c0}\\text{\/}\\text{4}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sqrt{2}\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sqrt{2}\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>60\u00b0<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{\u03c0}\\text{\/}\\text{3}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sqrt{3}\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sqrt{3}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>90\u00b0<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{\u03c0}\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042979733\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Fundamental Identities<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043013995\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cccccccc}\\hfill { \\sin }^{2}\\theta +{ \\cos }^{2}\\theta &amp; =\\hfill &amp; 1\\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\hfill \\sin (\\text{\u2212}\\theta )&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\text{\u2212} \\sin \\theta \\hfill \\\\ \\hfill 1+{ \\tan }^{2}\\theta &amp; =\\hfill &amp; { \\sec }^{2}\\theta \\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\hfill \\cos (\\text{\u2212}\\theta )&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\cos \\theta \\hfill \\\\ \\hfill 1+{ \\cot }^{2}\\theta &amp; =\\hfill &amp; { \\csc }^{2}\\theta \\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\hfill \\tan (\\text{\u2212}\\theta )&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\text{\u2212} \\tan \\theta \\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\sin (\\frac{\\pi }{2}-\\theta )&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\cos \\theta \\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\hfill \\sin (\\theta +2\\pi )&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\sin \\theta \\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\cos (\\frac{\\pi }{2}-\\theta )&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\sin \\theta \\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\hfill \\cos (\\theta +2\\pi )&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\cos \\theta \\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\tan (\\frac{\\pi }{2}-\\theta )&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\cot \\theta \\hfill &amp; &amp; &amp; \\hfill \\tan (\\theta +\\pi )&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\tan \\theta \\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165043114371\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Law of Sines<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165042329458\">[latex]\\frac{ \\sin A}{a}=\\frac{ \\sin B}{b}=\\frac{ \\sin C}{c}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<span id=\"fs-id1165043342991\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213610\/CNX_Calc_Figure_App3_004_img.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a nonright triangle with vertices labeled A, B, and C. The side opposite angle A is labeled a. The side opposite angle B is labeled b. The side opposite angle C is labeled c.\"><\/span>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042980486\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Law of Cosines<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043337817\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill {a}^{2}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; {b}^{2}+{c}^{2}-2bc \\cos A\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {b}^{2}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; {a}^{2}+{c}^{2}-2ac \\cos B\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {c}^{2}&amp; =\\hfill &amp; {a}^{2}+{b}^{2}-2ab \\cos C\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042978591\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Addition and Subtraction Formulas<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165042981798\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill \\sin (x+y)&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\sin x \\cos y+ \\cos x \\sin y\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\sin (x-y)&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\sin x \\cos y- \\cos x \\sin y\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\cos (x+y)&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\cos x \\cos y- \\sin x \\sin y\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\cos (x-y)&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\cos x \\cos y+ \\sin x \\sin y\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\tan (x+y)&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\frac{ \\tan x+ \\tan y}{1- \\tan x \\tan y}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\tan (x-y)&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\frac{ \\tan x- \\tan y}{1+ \\tan x \\tan y}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042331515\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Double-Angle Formulas<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043373764\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill \\sin 2x&amp; =\\hfill &amp; 2 \\sin x \\cos x\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\cos 2x&amp; =\\hfill &amp; { \\cos }^{2}x-{ \\sin }^{2}x=2{ \\cos }^{2}x-1=1-2{ \\sin }^{2}x\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\tan 2x&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\frac{2 \\tan x}{1-{ \\tan }^{2}x}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042321665\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Half-Angle Formulas<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043392327\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill { \\sin }^{2}x&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\frac{1- \\cos 2x}{2}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill { \\cos }^{2}x&amp; =\\hfill &amp; \\frac{1+ \\cos 2x}{2}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","rendered":"<div id=\"fs-id1165042956281\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Formulas from Geometry<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043352446\">[latex]A=\\text{area},[\/latex][latex]V=\\text{Volume},\\text{ and }[\/latex][latex]S=\\text{lateral surface area}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"fs-id1165043092884\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213601\/CNX_Calc_Figure_App3_001_img.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows five geometric figures. The first is a parallelogram with height labeled as h and base as b. Below the figure is the formula for area, A = bh. The second is a triangle with height labeled as h and base as b. Below the figure is the formula for area, A = (1\/2)bh.. The third is a trapezoid with the top horizontal side labeled as a, height as h, and base as b. Below the figure is the formula for area, A = (1\/2)(a + b)h. The fourth is a circle with radius labeled as r. Below the figure is the formula for area, A= (pi)(r^2), and the formula for circumference, C = 2(pi)r. The fifth is a sector of a circle with radius labeled as r, sector length as s, and angle as theta. Below the figure is the formula for area, A = (1\/2)r^2(theta), and sector length, s = r(theta) (theta in radians).\" \/><\/span><span id=\"fs-id1165042319172\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213605\/CNX_Calc_Figure_App3_002_img.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows three solid figures. The first is a cylinder with height labeled as h and radius as r. Below the figure are the formulas for volume, V = (pi)(r^2)h, and surface area, S = 2(pi)rh. The second is a cone with height labeled as h, radius as r, and lateral side length as l. Below the figure are the formulas for volume, V = (1\/3)(pi)(r^2)h, and surface area, S = (pi)rl. The third is a sphere with radius labeled as r. Below the figure are the formulas for volume, V = (4\/3)(pi)(r^3), and surface area, S = 4(pi)r^2.\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042973177\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Formulas from Algebra<\/h2>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042318453\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Laws of Exponents<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043351417\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccccccccccccc}\\hfill {x}^{m}{x}^{n}& =\\hfill & {x}^{m+n}\\hfill & & & \\hfill \\frac{{x}^{m}}{{x}^{n}}& =\\hfill & {x}^{m-n}\\hfill & & & \\hfill {({x}^{m})}^{n}& =\\hfill & {x}^{mn}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {x}^{\\text{\u2212}n}& =\\hfill & \\frac{1}{{x}^{n}}\\hfill & & & \\hfill {(xy)}^{n}& =\\hfill & {x}^{n}{y}^{n}\\hfill & & & \\hfill {(\\frac{x}{y})}^{n}& =\\hfill & \\frac{{x}^{n}}{{y}^{n}}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {x}^{1\\text{\/}n}& =\\hfill & \\sqrt[n]{x}\\hfill & & & \\hfill \\sqrt[n]{xy}& =\\hfill & \\sqrt[n]{x}\\sqrt[n]{y}\\hfill & & & \\hfill \\sqrt[n]{\\frac{x}{y}}& =\\hfill & \\frac{\\sqrt[n]{x}}{\\sqrt[n]{y}}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {x}^{m\\text{\/}n}& =\\hfill & \\sqrt[n]{{x}^{m}}={(\\sqrt[n]{x})}^{m}\\hfill & & & & & & & & & & \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042885645\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Special Factorizations<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165042915355\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill {x}^{2}-{y}^{2}& =\\hfill & (x+y)(x-y)\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {x}^{3}+{y}^{3}& =\\hfill & (x+y)({x}^{2}-xy+{y}^{2})\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {x}^{3}-{y}^{3}& =\\hfill & (x-y)({x}^{2}+xy+{y}^{2})\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165043020311\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Quadratic Formula<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165042318563\">If [latex]a{x}^{2}+bx+c=0,[\/latex] then [latex]x=\\frac{\\text{\u2212}b\u00b1\\sqrt{{b}^{2}-4ca}}{2a}.[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165043061462\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Binomial Theorem<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043022133\">[latex]{(a+b)}^{n}={a}^{n}+(\\begin{array}{l}n\\\\ 1\\end{array}){a}^{n-1}b+(\\begin{array}{l}n\\\\ 2\\end{array}){a}^{n-2}{b}^{2}+\\cdots +(\\begin{array}{c}n\\\\ n-1\\end{array})a{b}^{n-1}+{b}^{n},[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165042950624\">where [latex](\\begin{array}{l}n\\\\ k\\end{array})=\\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)\\cdots (n-k+1)}{k(k-1)(k-2)\\cdots 3\\cdot 2\\cdot 1}=\\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165043397752\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Formulas from Trigonometry<\/h2>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042985823\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Right-Angle Trigonometry<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165042320749\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cccc} \\sin \\theta =\\frac{\\text{opp}}{\\text{hyp}}\\hfill & & & \\csc \\theta =\\frac{\\text{hyp}}{\\text{opp}}\\hfill \\\\ \\cos \\theta =\\frac{\\text{adj}}{\\text{hyp}}\\hfill & & & \\sec \\theta =\\frac{\\text{hyp}}{\\text{adj}}\\hfill \\\\ \\tan \\theta =\\frac{\\text{opp}}{\\text{adj}}\\hfill & & & \\cot \\theta =\\frac{\\text{adj}}{\\text{opp}}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"fs-id1165042937482\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213607\/CNX_Calc_Figure_App3_003_img.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a right triangle with the longest side labeled hyp, the shorter leg labeled as opp, and the longer leg labeled as adj. The angle between the hypotenuse and the adjacent side is labeled theta.\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165043376559\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Trigonometric Functions of Important Angles<\/h2>\n<table class=\"unnumbered\" summary=\"This is a table with five columns and six rows. The first row is a header row, and has the entries theta, Raidians, sin theta, cos theta, tan theta. The second row has the entries 0 degrees, 0, 0, 1, and 0. The third row has the entries 30 degrees, pi\/6, \u00bd, (the square root of 3)\/2, and (the square root of 3)\/3. The fourth row reads 45 degrees, pi\/4, (the square root of 2)\/2, (the square root of 2)\/2, and 1. The fifth row reads 60 degrees, pi\/3, (the square root of 3)\/2, 1\/2, and the square root of 3. The sixth row reads 90 degrees, pi\/2, 1, 0, and blank.\">\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]\\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{Radians}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sin \\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\cos \\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\tan \\theta[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>0\u00b0<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>30\u00b0<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{\u03c0}\\text{\/}\\text{6}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sqrt{3}\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sqrt{3}\\text{\/}3[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>45\u00b0<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{\u03c0}\\text{\/}\\text{4}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sqrt{2}\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sqrt{2}\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>60\u00b0<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{\u03c0}\\text{\/}\\text{3}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sqrt{3}\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]1\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\sqrt{3}[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>90\u00b0<\/td>\n<td>[latex]\\text{\u03c0}\\text{\/}2[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042979733\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Fundamental Identities<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043013995\">[latex]\\begin{array}{cccccccc}\\hfill { \\sin }^{2}\\theta +{ \\cos }^{2}\\theta & =\\hfill & 1\\hfill & & & \\hfill \\sin (\\text{\u2212}\\theta )& =\\hfill & \\text{\u2212} \\sin \\theta \\hfill \\\\ \\hfill 1+{ \\tan }^{2}\\theta & =\\hfill & { \\sec }^{2}\\theta \\hfill & & & \\hfill \\cos (\\text{\u2212}\\theta )& =\\hfill & \\cos \\theta \\hfill \\\\ \\hfill 1+{ \\cot }^{2}\\theta & =\\hfill & { \\csc }^{2}\\theta \\hfill & & & \\hfill \\tan (\\text{\u2212}\\theta )& =\\hfill & \\text{\u2212} \\tan \\theta \\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\sin (\\frac{\\pi }{2}-\\theta )& =\\hfill & \\cos \\theta \\hfill & & & \\hfill \\sin (\\theta +2\\pi )& =\\hfill & \\sin \\theta \\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\cos (\\frac{\\pi }{2}-\\theta )& =\\hfill & \\sin \\theta \\hfill & & & \\hfill \\cos (\\theta +2\\pi )& =\\hfill & \\cos \\theta \\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\tan (\\frac{\\pi }{2}-\\theta )& =\\hfill & \\cot \\theta \\hfill & & & \\hfill \\tan (\\theta +\\pi )& =\\hfill & \\tan \\theta \\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165043114371\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Law of Sines<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165042329458\">[latex]\\frac{ \\sin A}{a}=\\frac{ \\sin B}{b}=\\frac{ \\sin C}{c}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"fs-id1165043342991\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2332\/2018\/01\/11213610\/CNX_Calc_Figure_App3_004_img.jpg\" alt=\"The figure shows a nonright triangle with vertices labeled A, B, and C. The side opposite angle A is labeled a. The side opposite angle B is labeled b. The side opposite angle C is labeled c.\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042980486\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Law of Cosines<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043337817\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill {a}^{2}& =\\hfill & {b}^{2}+{c}^{2}-2bc \\cos A\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {b}^{2}& =\\hfill & {a}^{2}+{c}^{2}-2ac \\cos B\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill {c}^{2}& =\\hfill & {a}^{2}+{b}^{2}-2ab \\cos C\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042978591\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Addition and Subtraction Formulas<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165042981798\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill \\sin (x+y)& =\\hfill & \\sin x \\cos y+ \\cos x \\sin y\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\sin (x-y)& =\\hfill & \\sin x \\cos y- \\cos x \\sin y\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\cos (x+y)& =\\hfill & \\cos x \\cos y- \\sin x \\sin y\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\cos (x-y)& =\\hfill & \\cos x \\cos y+ \\sin x \\sin y\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\tan (x+y)& =\\hfill & \\frac{ \\tan x+ \\tan y}{1- \\tan x \\tan y}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\tan (x-y)& =\\hfill & \\frac{ \\tan x- \\tan y}{1+ \\tan x \\tan y}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042331515\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Double-Angle Formulas<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043373764\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill \\sin 2x& =\\hfill & 2 \\sin x \\cos x\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\cos 2x& =\\hfill & { \\cos }^{2}x-{ \\sin }^{2}x=2{ \\cos }^{2}x-1=1-2{ \\sin }^{2}x\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill \\tan 2x& =\\hfill & \\frac{2 \\tan x}{1-{ \\tan }^{2}x}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-id1165042321665\" class=\"bc-section section\">\n<h2>Half-Angle Formulas<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-id1165043392327\">[latex]\\begin{array}{ccc}\\hfill { \\sin }^{2}x& =\\hfill & \\frac{1- \\cos 2x}{2}\\hfill \\\\ \\hfill { \\cos }^{2}x& =\\hfill & \\frac{1+ \\cos 2x}{2}\\hfill \\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"{\"1\":{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Calculus Volume 2\",\"author\":\"Gilbert Strang, Edwin (Jed) Herman\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/calculus-volume-2\/pages\/1-introduction\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/calculus-volume-2\/pages\/1-introduction\"}}","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"part":22,"module-header":"","content_attributions":{"1":{"type":"cc","description":"Calculus Volume 2","author":"Gilbert Strang, Edwin (Jed) Herman","organization":"OpenStax","url":"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/calculus-volume-2\/pages\/1-introduction","project":"","license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_terms":"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/calculus-volume-2\/pages\/1-introduction"}},"internal_book_links":[],"video_content":null,"cc_video_embed_content":{"cc_scripts":"","media_targets":[]},"try_it_collection":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/368"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/368\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2509,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/368\/revisions\/2509"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/22"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/368\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=368"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=368"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=368"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/content.one.lumenlearning.com\/calculus2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=368"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}