- Recognize power series and when they converge
- Find where a power series converges and where it doesn’t
- Use power series to write functions
What is a Power Series?
A power series is a special type of infinite series where each term contains a variable raised to increasing powers. Think of it as an “infinite polynomial” — instead of stopping at [latex]x^3[/latex] or [latex]x^{10}[/latex], the powers keep going forever.
The most basic power series looks like this:
[latex]\displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} c_n x^n = c_0 + c_1 x + c_2 x^2 + c_3 x^3 + \cdots[/latex]
Here, [latex]x[/latex] is our variable and the [latex]c_n[/latex] values are constants called coefficients.
You’ve actually seen a power series before. The geometric series [latex]1 + x + x^2 + x^3 + \cdots[/latex] is a power series where all coefficients equal [latex]1[/latex].
This series converges when [latex]|x| < 1[/latex] and diverges when [latex]|x| \geq 1[/latex]. This gives us our first hint that power series don’t converge everywhere — the value of [latex]x[/latex] matters.
power series centered at zero
A series of the form
is called a power series centered at [latex]x = 0[/latex].
power series centered at [latex]a[/latex]
A series of the form
is called a power series centered at [latex]x = a[/latex].
Here are several power series to help you recognize the pattern.
Centered at [latex]x = 0[/latex]:
- [latex]\displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^n}{n!} = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + \cdots[/latex]
- [latex]\displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} n! x^n = 1 + x + 2! x^2 + 3! x^3 + \cdots[/latex]
Centered at [latex]x = 2[/latex]:
- [latex]\displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(x-2)^n}{(n+1) \cdot 3^n} = 1 + \frac{x-2}{2 \cdot 3} + \frac{(x-2)^2}{3 \cdot 3^2} + \frac{(x-2)^3}{4 \cdot 3^3} + \cdots[/latex]